Abstract
Modern life has quietly engineered movement out of the day. The average working adult now spends the majority of waking hours seated — at desks, in vehicles, and before screens — and a large body of evidence suggests this sedentary behavior carries a cardiovascular bill that exercise alone may not fully pay. This narrative review examines the relationship between prolonged sitting and the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and endothelial dysfunction.
References
1. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: WHO, 2020.
2. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020;54(24):1451–1462.
3. Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, et al. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55(11):2895–2905.
4. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;162(2):123–132.
5. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302–1310.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.