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Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the principal governance models practiced across the world—namely, the parliamentary, presidential, and hybrid (semi-presidential) systems. These models represent distinct institutional frameworks that shape the relationship between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The study explores the structural features, operational dynamics, and implications of each model by examining representative case studies, including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to how these models affect political stability, accountability, policy efficiency, and democratic consolidation. The analysis emphasizes that no single governance model universally ensures optimal performance; rather, effectiveness depends on the specific political, historical, and cultural contexts of each country. The paper concludes that a nuanced understanding of governance systems is essential for institutional reform and democratic development, particularly in transitional democracies.
References
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