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Antioxidants reduce the reactivity of free radicals in the body through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) or single electron transfer (SET), which prevents damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Enzymatic systems (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) decompose superoxide and peroxides, and chelate metal ions to inhibit the Fenton reaction, reducing the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The mutual regeneration of antioxidants and the coordinated operation of these mechanisms maintain the body's redox homeostasis and reduce the risk of oxidative damage.
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